Haplogroup O-M175
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
| Haplogroup O-M175 | |
|---|---|
.PNG) | |
| Possible time of origin | 36,800 [95% CI 34,300 <-> 39,300] ybp (YFull[1]) 41,900 [95% CI 31,294 <-> 51,202] years ago (Karmin 2015[2]) 44,700 or 38,300 ybp[3] |
| Coalescence age | 31,200 [95% CI 29,400 <-> 33,100] ybp (YFull[1]) 34,042 [95% CI 25,228 <-> 41,942] years ago (Karmin 2015[2]) 35,000 or 30,000 years ago depending on mutation rate[3] |
| Possible place of origin | East Asia |
| Ancestor | NO |
| Descendants | Primary: O1 (O-F265); O2 (O-M122) Secondary: O1a (O-M119); O1b (O-M268); O2a (O-M324); O2b (O-F742) |
| Defining mutations | M175 (+ numerous other SNPs).[4] |
Haplogroup O, also known as O-M175, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is primarily found among populations in Southeast Asia and East Asia. It also is found in various percentages of populations of the Russian Far East, South Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East, Oceania, Madagascar, and the Comoros. Haplogroup O is a primary descendant of haplogroup NO-M214.
The O-M175 haplogroup is very common amongst males from China, Korea, and Southeast Asia. It has two primary branches: O1 (O-F265) and O2 (O-M122). O1 is found at high frequencies amongst males native to Southeast Asia, Taiwan, Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Madagascar and some populations in southern China and Austroasiatic speakers of India. It's also high in the Melanesian populations of Solomon Islander, Fijians, Moluccas and significant frequencies in some populations Papua New Guinea. O2 is found at high levels amongst Han Chinese, Tibeto-Burman populations (including many of those in Yunnan, Tibet, Myanmar, Northeast India, and Nepal), Manchu, Mongolians, Koreans, Vietnamese, Malays, Filipinos, Thailand, Polynesians, the Naiman tribe of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan,[5] Kazakhs in the southeast of Altai Republic,[6] and Kazakhs in the Ili area of Xinjiang.[7]
Origins[edit]
Haplogroup O-M175 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO-M214, and first appeared according to different theories either in Southeast Asia (see Rootsi 2006, TMC & ?, Shi 2005, and Bradshaw & ?) or East Asia (see ISOGG 2012) approximately 40,000 years ago (or between 31,294 and 51,202 years ago according to Karmin et al. 2015).[2][8]
Haplogroup O-M175 is one of NO-M214's two branches. The other is Haplogroup N, which is common throughout North Eurasia.
Distribution[edit]
This haplogroup appears in 80-90% of most populations in East Asia and Southeast Asia, and it is almost exclusive to that region: M175 is almost nonexistent in Western Siberia, Western Asia, Europe, most of Africa, and the Americas, where its presence may be the result of recent migrations. However, certain subclades of Haplogroup O-M175 do achieve significant frequencies among some populations of Central Asia, South Asia, and Oceania. For example, one study found it at a rate of 65.81% among the Naimans, a tribe in Kazakhstan,[5] even though only the rate among Kazakhs in general is believed to be about 9% (Wells et al. 2001).
An association with the spread of Austronesian languages in late antiquity is suggested by significant levels of O-M175 among island populations of the South Pacific and Indian Ocean, including the East African littoral. For example, Haplogroup O-M50 has even been found in Bantu-speaking populations of the Comoros along with a single instance of O-MSY2.2(xM50),[9] while both O-M50 and O-M95(xM88) occur commonly among the Malagasy people of Madagascar.[10][11] O-M175 has been found in 28.1% of Solomon Islanders from Melanesia.[12] 12% of Uyghurs (Wells et al. 2001), 6.8% of Kalmyks[13] (17.1% of Khoshuud, 6.1% of Dörwöd, 3.3% of Torguud, 0% of Buzawa), 6.2% of Altaians (Kharkov et al. 2007), 4.1% of Uzbeks on average but Uzbeks from Bukhara 12.1%, Karakalpaks (Uzbekistan) 11.4%, Sinte (Uzbekistans) 6.7%(Wells et al. 2001) and 4.0% of Buryats.[14]
Among the sub-branches of haplogroup O-M175 are O-M119(O1a), O-M268(O1b), and O-M122(O2).
O-M175*[edit]
A broad survey of Y-chromosome variation among populations of central Eurasia found haplogroup O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) in 31% (14/45) of a sample of Koreans and in smaller percentages of Crimean Tatars (1/22 = 4.5%), Tajiks (1/16 = 6.25% Dushanbe, 1/40 = 2.5% Samarkand), Uyghurs (2/41 = 4.9%), Uzbeks (1/68 = 1.5% Surkhandarya, 1/70 = 1.4% Khorezm), and Kazakhs (1/54 = 1.9%) (Wells 2001). However, nearly all of the purported Korean O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes may belong to Haplogroup O-M176,[Note 1] and later studies do not support the finding of O-M175* among similar population samples (Xue 2005, Kim 2011). The reported examples of O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes that have been found among these populations might therefore belong to Haplogroup O-M268*(xM95,M176) or Haplogroup O-M176.
A study published in 2013 found O-M175(xM119, M95, M176, M122) Y-DNA in 1/18 Iranians from Teheran, 2/37 Tajiks from Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan, and 1/97 Mongols from northwest Mongolia, while finding O-M176 only in 1/20 Mongols from northeast Mongolia.[15]
O-F265 (O1)[edit]
O1a-M119 and O1b-M268 share a common ancestor, O-F265 (a.k.a. O-F75) approximately 23,400 [95% CI 21,600 to 25,300] YBP.[8][16] O-F75, in turn, coalesces to a common ancestor with O3-M122 approximately 24,700 [95% CI 23,000 to 26,500] YBP.[8] Thus, O-F75 existed as a single haplogroup parallel to O3-M122 for a duration of approximately 1,300 years (or anywhere from 0 to 4,900 years considering the 95% CIs and assuming that the phylogeny is correct) before breaking up into its two extant descendant haplogroups, O1-MSY2.2 and O2-M268.
O-M119 (O1a)[edit]
![[icon]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2012) |
O-M119 (which was known briefly as O-MSY2.2, until the SNP MSY2.2 was found to be unreliable) is found frequently in Austronesian-speaking people, with a moderate distribution in southern and eastern Chinese and Tai–Kadai peoples.
O-M268 (O1b)[edit]
- O-K18 Naxi[1]
- O-CTS4040 Guangxi[1]
- O-PK4
- O-F838 Found with low frequency among Han Chinese[19]
- O-M95
- O-CTS350 Found in Hunan (Han) and in Japan (Aichi)[1]
- O-F1803/M1348
- O-M1348* Hainan,[1] Liaoning[1]
- O-F789/M1283 Found in China (Blang,[21] Palaung,[21] Wa,[21] Dai,[1][22] Yi,[1][22] Naxi), Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore (Malay), Java, Borneo, Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India (Tripura, Ho, Konda Dora, Gond)
- O-M1283* Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City,[1] Lao Isan[23]
- O-Y9322
- O-Y9322* Dai in Xishuangbanna[1]
- O-Y9325
- O-F1252
- O-SK1630/F5505
- O-F2924
- O-CTS5854 Found among Tai peoples, Eastern Lawa, Nyah Kur, Han Chinese, Japanese, and Filipinos
- O-Z23810
- O-Z23781 Henan[1]
- O-F4229 Xishuangbanna, Guangdong, Chongqing[1]
- O-M111/M88 Found frequently among Hani, She people, Tai peoples, Cambodians, Kuy,[21][25] Htin in Northern Thailand,[21] and Vietnamese, with a moderate distribution among Qiang, Yi, Hlai, Miao, Yao, Taiwanese aborigines, and Han Chinese.[citation needed]
- O-M111/M88* Northern Thailand (Htin, Lawa), Cambodia (Jarai, Brao, Kachac, Khmer, Lao, Lun), Yunnan (De'ang)[21]
- O-F2524
- O-F2524* Jiangsu[1]
- O-F2346
- O-F2890 Thailand (Khon Mueang,[23] Phuan,[23] Shan,[23] Htin,[23] Tai Dam,[23] Thai,[23] Lawa,[23] Lao Isan,[23] Mon[23])
- O-F2890* Ho Chi Minh City[1]
- O-Z24048
- O-F2758 Cambodia (Kuy, Tampuan, Khmer), Thailand (Phutai,[23] Bru,[23] Tai Khün,[23] Phuan,[23] Tai Dam,[23] Shan,[23] Khon Mueang,[23] Mon,[23] Lao Isan,[23] Tai Lue,[23] Htin,[21][23] Lawa,[21] Khmu,[23] Kaleun,[23] Nyaw,[23] Suay,[23] Thai[23]), Laos (Laotian in Luang Prabang[23]), Yunnan (Bulang, De'ang)[21]
- O-F2758* China (Miao)
- O-Z24083
- O-Z24083* Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
- O-Z24089
- O-F2890 Thailand (Khon Mueang,[23] Phuan,[23] Shan,[23] Htin,[23] Tai Dam,[23] Thai,[23] Lawa,[23] Lao Isan,[23] Mon[23])
- O-CTS5854 Found among Tai peoples, Eastern Lawa, Nyah Kur, Han Chinese, Japanese, and Filipinos
- O-M176
- O-M176(x47z): Found frequently among Koreans, with a moderate distribution among Buryats, Daurs, Evenks, Hezhe, Indonesians, Japanese, Manchus, Micronesians, Ryukyuans, Sibe, Thais, Udegeys, and Vietnamese.[citation needed]
- O-47z: Found frequently among Japanese and Ryukyuans, with a moderate distribution among Indonesians, Koreans, Manchus, Thais, and Vietnamese.[citation needed]
O-M122 (O2)[edit]
Found frequently among populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and culturally Austronesian regions of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia (Shi 2005).
- O-M122
- O-CTS1754 East & Southeast Asia
- O-M324
- O-L465
- O-CTS727
- O-F915
- O-CTS3709
- O-JST002611/CTS2483
- O-CTS2483* China,[17] Japan,[17] Philippines[17]
- O-CTS10573 Beijing,[26] Sichuan,[26] Henan,[26] Jiangsu[26]
- O-F18
- O-CTS498 China,[1] Japan (Tokyo)[1]
- O-F449 Azerbaijan[17]
- O-F117
- O-F117* Fujian[1]
- O-F11
- O-F11* Gansu,[1] Japanese[1]
- O-F930 Beijing,[1] Armenia,[1] Inner Mongolia,[26] Hebei,[26] Shaanxi,[26] Shandong,[26] Zhejiang,[26] Hubei[26]
- O-F2685 Beijing, Shanghai, Fujian, Guangdong[26]
- O-BY169374
- O-F539 Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan[26]
- O-CTS12877
- O-Y29837
- O-BY36917 Japan[17]
- O-F4062 Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shandong, Shaanxi, Chongqing, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Zhejiang[26]
- O-Y15976 China, Japan,[17] Korea, Pakistan, Vietnam
- O-FGC54474
- O-F971 Beijing, Shanghai, Hubei, Guangdong[26]
- O-F632
- O-F632* Beijing[1]
- O-F16340 Zhejiang[1]
- O-F133 China, Bulgaria[17]
- O-CTS727
- O-P201
- O-M188
- O-M188* Korea[17]
- O-CTS800
- O-CTS445
- O-CTS201 Korea[17]
- O-M159 China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore[17]
- O-MF18110
- O-M7 Found frequently among human remains associated with the Neolithic Daxi culture[27] and modern Hmong–Mien, Katuic, and Bahnaric peoples,[25] with a moderate distribution among Han Chinese (Xue 2006), Buyei (Xue 2006), Bai (Wen 2004), Mosuo (Wen 2004), Tibetans (Wen 2004), Qiang (Xue 2006), Oroqen (Xue 2006), Tujia (Su 2000), Thai (Su 2000), Orang Asli (Su 2000), western Indonesians (Su 2000 and Kayser 2008), Malaysians (Kayser 2008), Vietnamese (Kayser 2008), and Atayal (Su 2000).
- O-CTS201 Korea[17]
- O-P164
- O-F996/F3237
- O-A16433 Heilongjiang[1]
- O-MF56976 Anhui[1]
- O-Y125645
- O-F871
- O-F706 Philippines, China, Cambodia,[17] Thailand (Bru in Sakon Nakhon Province[23])
- O-F1010 Thailand (Eastern Lawa, Blang, Palaung, Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province[23])
- O-AM01750/AM01861/B451 Singapore (Malay),[2] Indonesia (Bajo),[2] Philippines (Batak)[2]
- O-F2472
- O-F706 Philippines, China, Cambodia,[17] Thailand (Bru in Sakon Nakhon Province[23])
- O-A16433 Heilongjiang[1]
- O-M134: Found frequently among Sino-Tibetan peoples, among members of the Kazakh Naiman tribe with a moderate distribution throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia.[citation needed]
- O-Y20/PAGES00125 Poland[17]
- O-F1725
- O-Y12/F314
- O-Y12* Beijing (Han)[1]
- O-CTS2643/CTS11192
- O-CTS53
- O-F876
- O-F275
- O-F634
- O-CTS3776/F2887
- O-M117/PAGE23
- O-MF1380/CTS4960 China, Korea, Japan,[17] Indonesia[17]
- O-M133/M1706 Shandong[1]
- O-M1706* Japan (Tokyo)[1]
- O-YP4864
- O-CTS7634
- O-M1726
- O-A9459
- O-F6800
- O-F14249
- O-F438 Japan (Tokyo)[1]
- O-CTS1642
- O-Y20/PAGES00125 Poland[17]
- O-F996/F3237
- O-M188
- O-L465
O-M324 (O2a)[edit]
| This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2017) |
O-F742 (O2b)[edit]
| This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2017) |
Language families and genes[edit]
Haplogroup O is associated with populations which speak Austric languages. The following is a phylogenetic tree of language families and their corresponding SNP markers, or haplogroups, sourced mainly from Edmondson 2007 and Shi 2005. This has been called the "Father Tongue Hypothesis" by George van Driem (vanDriem 2011). It does not appear to account for O-M176, which is found among Japanese, Korean, and Manchurian males.
| (M175) |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Phylogenetics[edit]
Phylogenetic history[edit]
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
| YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| O-M175 | 26 | VII | 1U | 28 | Eu16 | H9 | I | O* | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O |
| O-M119 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H9 | H | O1* | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a |
| O-M101 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H9 | H | O1a | O1a1 | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1 | O1a1 | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a |
| O-M50 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H10 | H | O1b | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 |
| O-P31 | 26 | VII | 1U | 33 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2* | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 |
| O-M95 | 26 | VII | 1U | 34 | Eu16 | H11 | G | O2a* | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a1 | O2a1 |
| O-M88 | 26 | VII | 1U | 34 | Eu16 | H12 | G | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1a | O2a1a |
| O-SRY465 | 20 | VII | 1U | 35 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2b* | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b |
| O-47z | 5 | VII | 1U | 26 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2b1 | O2b1a | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1a | O2b1a | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 |
| O-M122 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3* | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 |
| O-M121 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3a | O3a | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1a | O3a1a |
| O-M164 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3b | O3b | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a1b | O3a1b |
| O-M159 | 13 | VII | 1U | 31 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3c | O3c | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3 | O3a3 | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a |
| O-M7 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H7 | L | O3d* | O3c | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a4 | O3a4 | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a2b | O3a2b |
| O-M113 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H7 | L | O3d1 | O3c1 | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | - | O3a4a | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | O3a2b1 | O3a2b1 |
| O-M134 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e* | O3d | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a5 | O3a5 | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a2c1 | O3a2c1 |
| O-M117 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e1* | O3d1 | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a5a | O3a5a | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a2c1a | O3a2c1a |
| O-M162 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e1a | O3d1a | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a5a1 | O3a5a1 | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a2c1a1 | O3a2c1a1 |
Original Research Publications[edit]
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Phylogenetic trees[edit]
ISOGG 2017 tree(ver.12.244).[30]
- O (M175)
- O1 (F265/M1354, CTS2866, F75/M1297, F429/M1415, F465/M1422)
- O1a (M119)
- O1a1 (B384/Z23193)
- O1a1a (M307.1/P203.1)
- O1a1a1 (F446)
- O1a1a1a (F140)
- O1a1a1a1 (F78)
- O1a1a1a1a (F81)
- O1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2458)
- O1a1a1a1a1a (F533)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1 (F492)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1a (F656)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (A12440)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (A12439)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (A14788)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (F65)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1a4 (MF1068)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1a5 (Z23482)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (A12440)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1b (FGC66168)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (CTS11553)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1c (Y31266)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1c1 (Y31261)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1d (A12441)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1e (MF1071)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1e1 (MF1074)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1a (F656)
- O1a1a1a1a1a2 (CTS4585)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1 (F492)
- O1a1a1a1a1a (F533)
- O1a1a1a1a2 (MF1075)
- O1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2458)
- O1a1a1a1a (F81)
- O1a1a1a2 (YP4610/Z39229)
- O1a1a1a2a (AM00330/AMM480/B386)
- O1a1a1a2a1 (AM00333/AMM483/B387)
- O1a1a1a2a1a (B388)
- O1a1a1a2a1 (AM00333/AMM483/B387)
- O1a1a1a2b (SK1555)
- O1a1a1a2a (AM00330/AMM480/B386)
- O1a1a1a1 (F78)
- O1a1a1b (SK1568/Z23420)
- O1a1a1b1 (M101)
- O1a1a1b2 (Z23392)
- O1a1a1b2a (Z23442)
- O1a1a1b2a1 (SK1571)
- O1a1a1b2a (Z23442)
- O1a1a1a (F140)
- O1a1a2 (CTS52)
- O1a1a2a (CTS701)
- O1a1a2a1 (K644/Z23266)
- O1a1a2a (CTS701)
- O1a1a1 (F446)
- O1a1b (CTS5726)
- O1a1a (M307.1/P203.1)
- O1a2 (M110)
- O1a2a (F3288)
- O1a2a1 (B392)
- O1a2a1a (B393)
- O1a2a1 (B392)
- O1a2a (F3288)
- O1a3 (Page109)
- O1a1 (B384/Z23193)
- O1b (M268)
- O1b1 (F2320)
- O1b1a (M1470)
- O1b1a1 (PK4)
- O1b1a1a (M95)
- O1b1a1a1 (F1803/M1348)
- O1b1a1a1a (F1252)
- O1b1a1a1a1 (F2924)
- O1b1a1a1a1a (M111)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1 (F2758)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a (Z24083)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1 (Z24089)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a (F923)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2022)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (F1399)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (F2415)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (F1399)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24131)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (Z24100)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2022)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b (SK1627/Z24091)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (Z39410)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a (F923)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24088)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1 (Z24089)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a (Z24083)
- O1b1a1a1a1a2 (F2890)
- O1b1a1a1a1a2a (Z24048)
- O1b1a1a1a1a2a1 (Z24050)
- O1b1a1a1a1a2b (Z24014)
- O1b1a1a1a1a2a (Z24048)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1 (F2758)
- O1b1a1a1a1b (CTS5854)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1 (Z23810)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1a (CTS7399)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1a1 (FGC19713/Y14026)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a (Z23849)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a1 (FGC61038)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a (Z23849)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1a1 (FGC19713/Y14026)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1b (CTS651)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1b1 (CTS9884)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1a (CTS7399)
- O1b1a1a1a1b2 (F4229)
- O1b1a1a1a1b2a (F809)
- O1b1a1a1a1b2a1 (F2517)
- O1b1a1a1a1b2a (F809)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1 (Z23810)
- O1b1a1a1a1a (M111)
- O1b1a1a1a2 (SK1630)
- O1b1a1a1a2a (SK1636)
- O1b1a1a1a1 (F2924)
- O1b1a1a1b (F789/M1283)
- O1b1a1a1b1 (FGC29900/Y9322/Z23667)
- O1b1a1a1b1a (B426/FGC29896/Y9033/Z23671)
- O1b1a1a1b1a1 (FGC29907/YP3930)
- O1b1a1a1b1a2 (B427/Z23680)
- O1b1a1a1b1b (Z39485)
- O1b1a1a1b1c (B418)
- O1b1a1a1b1a (B426/FGC29896/Y9033/Z23671)
- O1b1a1a1b2 (SK1646)
- O1b1a1a1b1 (FGC29900/Y9322/Z23667)
- O1b1a1a1a (F1252)
- O1b1a1a2 (CTS350)
- O1b1a1a3 (Page103)
- O1b1a1a1 (F1803/M1348)
- O1b1a1b (F838)
- O1b1a1b1 (F1199)
- O1b1a1a (M95)
- O1b1a2 (Page59)
- O1b1a2a (F993)
- O1b1a2a1 (F1759)
- O1b1a2a1a (CTS1127)
- O1b1a2a1 (F1759)
- O1b1a2b (F417/M1654)
- O1b1a2b1 (F840)
- O1b1a2b1a (F1127)
- O1b1a2b2 (CTS1451)
- O1b1a2b1 (F840)
- O1b1a2c (CTS9996)
- O1b1a2a (F993)
- O1b1a1 (PK4)
- O1b1a (M1470)
- O1b2 (P49, M176)
- O1b2a (F1942/Page92)
- O1b2a1 (CTS9259)
- O1b2a1a (F1204)
- O1b2a1a1 (CTS713)
- O1b2a1a1a (CTS1875)
- O1b2a1a1a1 (CTS10682)
- O1b2a1a1b (Z24598)
- O1b2a1a1c (CTS203)
- O1b2a1a1a (CTS1875)
- O1b2a1a2 (F2868)
- O1b2a1a2a (L682)
- O1b2a1a2a1 (CTS723)
- O1b2a1a2a1a (CTS7620)
- O1b2a1a2a1b (A12446)
- O1b2a1a2a1b1 (PH40)
- O1b2a1a2a1 (CTS723)
- O1b2a1a2b (F940)
- O1b2a1a2a (L682)
- O1b2a1a3 (CTS10687)
- O1b2a1a3a (CTS1215)
- O1b2a1a1 (CTS713)
- O1b2a1b (CTS562)
- O1b2a1a (F1204)
- O1b2a2 (Page90)
- O1b2a1 (CTS9259)
- O1b2a (F1942/Page92)
- O1b1 (F2320)
- O1a (M119)
- O2 (M122)
- O2a (M324)
- O2a1 (L127.1)
- O2a1a (F1876/Page127)
- O2a1a1 (F2159)
- O2a1a1a (F1867/Page124)
- O2a1a1a1 (F852)
- O2a1a1a1a (F2266)
- O2a1a1a1a1 (L599)
- O2a1a1a1a1a (Z43961)
- O2a1a1a1a1a1 (Z43963)
- O2a1a1a1a1a (Z43961)
- O2a1a1a1a1 (L599)
- O2a1a1a1b (F854)
- O2a1a1a1b1 (Z43966)
- O2a1a1a1c (Page130)
- O2a1a1a1a (F2266)
- O2a1a1a1 (F852)
- O2a1a1b (F915)
- O2a1a1b1 (F1478)
- O2a1a1b1a (PF5390)
- O2a1a1b1a1 (CTS1936)
- O2a1a1b1a1a (Z43975)
- O2a1a1b1a2 (FGC33994)
- O2a1a1b1a (PF5390)
- O2a1a1b1 (F1478)
- O2a1a1a (F1867/Page124)
- O2a1a1 (F2159)
- O2a1b (M164)
- O2a1c (IMS-JST002611)
- O2a1c1 (F18)
- O2a1c1a (F117)
- O2a1c1a1 (F13)
- O2a1c1a1a (F11)
- O2a1c1a1a1 (F632)
- O2a1c1a1a1a (F110/M11115)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1 (F17)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1a (F377)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1a1 (F1095)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a (F856)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a1 (F1418)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z25097)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a (F856)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1a2 (CTS7501)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1a1 (F1095)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1b (F793)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1a (F377)
- O2a1c1a1a1a2 (Y20951)
- O2a1c1a1a1a2a (Y20932)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1 (F17)
- O2a1c1a1a1a (F110/M11115)
- O2a1c1a1a2 (F38)
- O2a1c1a1a3 (F12)
- O2a1c1a1a4 (F930)
- O2a1c1a1a4a (F2685)
- O2a1c1a1a5 (F1365/M5420/PF1558)
- O2a1c1a1a5a (Y15976)
- O2a1c1a1a5a1 (Y16154)
- O2a1c1a1a5a1a (Y26383)
- O2a1c1a1a5a1a1 (SK1686)
- O2a1c1a1a5a1a (Y26383)
- O2a1c1a1a5a1 (Y16154)
- O2a1c1a1a5b (FGC54486)
- O2a1c1a1a5b1 (FGC54507)
- O2a1c1a1a5a (Y15976)
- O2a1c1a1a6 (CTS12877)
- O2a1c1a1a6a (F2527)
- O2a1c1a1a6a1 (CTS5409)
- O2a1c1a1a6a2 (F2941)
- O2a1c1a1a6a (F2527)
- O2a1c1a1a7 (F723)
- O2a1c1a1a8 (CTS2107)
- O2a1c1a1a9 (SK1691)
- O2a1c1a1a1 (F632)
- O2a1c1a1b (PH203)
- O2a1c1a1a (F11)
- O2a1c1a1 (F13)
- O2a1c1b (F449)
- O2a1c1b1 (F238)
- O2a1c1b1a (F134)
- O2a1c1b1a1 (F1273)
- O2a1c1b1a2 (F724)
- O2a1c1b1a (F134)
- O2a1c1b2 (F1266)
- O2a1c1b1 (F238)
- O2a1c1c (CTS498)
- O2a1c1a (F117)
- O2a1c2 (FGC3750/SK1673)
- O2a1c1 (F18)
- O2a1a (F1876/Page127)
- O2a2 (IMS-JST021354/P201)
- O2a2a (M188)
- O2a2a1 (F2588)
- O2a2a1a (CTS445)
- O2a2a1a1 (CTS201)
- O2a2a1a1a (M159/Page96)
- O2a2a1a2 (M7)
- O2a2a1a2a (F1276)
- O2a2a1a2a1 (CTS6489)
- O2a2a1a2a1a (F1275)
- O2a2a1a2a1a1 (M113)
- O2a2a1a2a1a2 (N5)
- O2a2a1a2a1a3 (Z25400)
- O2a2a1a2a1a (F1275)
- O2a2a1a2a2 (F1863)
- O2a2a1a2a2a (F1134)
- O2a2a1a2a2a1 (F1262)
- O2a2a1a2a2a (F1134)
- O2a2a1a2a1 (CTS6489)
- O2a2a1a2b (Y26403)
- O2a2a1a2a (F1276)
- O2a2a1a1 (CTS201)
- O2a2a1b (F1837)
- O2a2a1a (CTS445)
- O2a2a2 (F879)
- O2a2a2a (F1226)
- O2a2a2a1 (F2859)
- O2a2a2a (F1226)
- O2a2a1 (F2588)
- O2a2b (P164)
- O2a2b1 (M134)
- O2a2b1a (F450/M1667)
- O2a2b1a1 (M117/Page23)
- O2a2b1a1a (M133)
- O2a2b1a1a1 (F438)
- O2a2b1a1a1a (Y17728)
- O2a2b1a1a1a1 (F155)
- O2a2b1a1a1a1a (F813/M6539)
- O2a2b1a1a1a1a1 (Y20928)
- O2a2b1a1a1a1a (F813/M6539)
- O2a2b1a1a1a2 (F1754)
- O2a2b1a1a1a2a (F2137)
- O2a2b1a1a1a2a1 (F1442)
- O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a (F1123)
- O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a1 (F1369)
- O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a (F1123)
- O2a2b1a1a1a2a2 (A16636)
- O2a2b1a1a1a2a1 (F1442)
- O2a2b1a1a1a2a (F2137)
- O2a2b1a1a1a3 (Z25907)
- O2a2b1a1a1a1 (F155)
- O2a2b1a1a1a (Y17728)
- O2a2b1a1a2 (FGC23469/Z25852)
- O2a2b1a1a2a (F310)
- O2a2b1a1a2a1 (F402)
- O2a2b1a1a2a1a (F1531)
- O2a2b1a1a2a1 (F402)
- O2a2b1a1a2a (F310)
- O2a2b1a1a3 (CTS7634)
- O2a2b1a1a3a (F317)
- O2a2b1a1a3a1 (F3039)
- O2a2b1a1a3a2 (Y29861)
- O2a2b1a1a3b (CTS5488)
- O2a2b1a1a3a (F317)
- O2a2b1a1a4 (Z25853)
- O2a2b1a1a4a (CTS5492)
- O2a2b1a1a4a1 (CTS6987)
- O2a2b1a1a4a1a (Z42620)
- O2a2b1a1a4a2 ( F20963)
- O2a2b1a1a4a1 (CTS6987)
- O2a2b1a1a4a (CTS5492)
- O2a2b1a1a5 (CTS10738/M1707)
- O2a2b1a1a5a (CTS9678)
- O2a2b1a1a5a1 (Z39663)
- O2a2b1a1a5a2 (M1513)
- O2a2b1a1a5b (A9457)
- O2a2b1a1a5b1 (F17158)
- O2a2b1a1a5a (CTS9678)
- O2a2b1a1a6 (CTS4658)
- O2a2b1a1a6a (CTS5308)
- O2a2b1a1a6b (Z25928)
- O2a2b1a1a6b1 (SK1730/Z25982)
- O2a2b1a1a6b1a (Z26030)
- O2a2b1a1a6b1b (Z26010)
- O2a2b1a1a6b2 (A9462)
- O2a2b1a1a6b3 (B456)
- O2a2b1a1a6b1 (SK1730/Z25982)
- O2a2b1a1a7 (YP4864)
- O2a2b1a1a7a (Z44068)
- O2a2b1a1a7a1 (F5525/SK1748)
- O2a2b1a1a7b (Z44071)
- O2a2b1a1a7a (Z44068)
- O2a2b1a1a8 (Z44091)
- O2a2b1a1a8a (Z44092)
- O2a2b1a1a1 (F438)
- O2a2b1a1b (CTS4960)
- O2a2b1a1a (M133)
- O2a2b1a2 (F114)
- O2a2b1a2a (F79)
- O2a2b1a2a1 (F46/Y15)
- O2a2b1a2a1a (FGC16847/Z26091)
- O2a2b1a2a1a1 (F48)
- O2a2b1a2a1a1a (F152)
- O2a2b1a2a1a1a1 (F2505)
- O2a2b1a2a1a1b (CTS3149)
- O2a2b1a2a1a1a (F152)
- O2a2b1a2a1a2 (F242)
- O2a2b1a2a1a2a (CTS4266)
- O2a2b1a2a1a2a1 (Z26108)
- O2a2b1a2a1a2a1a (F2173)
- O2a2b1a2a1a2a1 (Z26108)
- O2a2b1a2a1a2a (CTS4266)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3 (F2887)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3a (F3607)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3a1 (F3525)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b (CTS3763)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b1 (A9472)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b2 (FGC16863/Y7110)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a (L1360)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a1 (FGC16889)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b (SK1768/Y7112/Z26257)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1 (F4249)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1a (FGC23868)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b2 (CTS335)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1 (F4249)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a (L1360)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3a (F3607)
- O2a2b1a2a1a1 (F48)
- O2a2b1a2a1b (CTS53)
- O2a2b1a2a1b1 (CTS6373)
- O2a2b1a2a1b1a (A9473)
- O2a2b1a2a1b1 (CTS6373)
- O2a2b1a2a1c (F3386)
- O2a2b1a2a1d (Y29828)
- O2a2b1a2a1d1 (F735)
- O2a2b1a2a1d1a (FGC34973)
- O2a2b1a2a1d1b (F1739)
- O2a2b1a2a1d1 (F735)
- O2a2b1a2a1a (FGC16847/Z26091)
- O2a2b1a2a1 (F46/Y15)
- O2a2b1a2b (F743)
- O2a2b1a2b1 (CTS8481)
- O2a2b1a2b1a (CTS4325)
- O2a2b1a2b1a1 (A16629)
- O2a2b1a2b1a2 (CTS682)
- O2a2b1a2b1a (CTS4325)
- O2a2b1a2b2 (F748)
- O2a2b1a2b2a (F728)
- O2a2b1a2b1 (CTS8481)
- O2a2b1a2c (Page101)
- O2a2b1a2a (F79)
- O2a2b1a1 (M117/Page23)
- O2a2b1a (F450/M1667)
- O2a2b2 (AM01822/F3223)
- O2a2b2a (AM01856/F871)
- O2a2b2a1 (N7)
- O2a2b2a1a (F4110)
- O2a2b2a1a1 (F4068)
- O2a2b2a1a2 (SK1780)
- O2a2b2a1b (F4124)
- O2a2b2a1b1 (IMS-JST008425p6)
- O2a2b2a1b2 (BY15188)
- O2a2b2a1b2a (F16411)
- O2a2b2a1a (F4110)
- O2a2b2a2 (AM01845/F706)
- O2a2b2a2a (F717)
- O2a2b2a2a1 (F3612)
- O2a2b2a2a2 (SK1783)
- O2a2b2a2b (AM01847/B451)
- O2a2b2a2b1 (A17418)
- O2a2b2a2b2 (AM01756)
- O2a2b2a2b2a (B450)
- O2a2b2a2b2b (AM00472/B452)
- O2a2b2a2b2b1 (F18942)
- O2a2b2a2b2c (A16427)
- O2a2b2a2a (F717)
- O2a2b2a1 (N7)
- O2a2b2b (A16433)
- O2a2b2b1 (A16438)
- O2a2b2b1a (SK1775)
- O2a2b2b1a1 (SK1774)
- O2a2b2b1b (A16440)
- O2a2b2b1a (SK1775)
- O2a2b2b1 (A16438)
- O2a2b2a (AM01856/F871)
- O2a2b1 (M134)
- O2a2a (M188)
- O2a3 (M300)
- O2a4 (M333)
- O2a1 (L127.1)
- O2b (F742)
- O2b1 (F1150)
- O2b1a (F837)
- O2b1a1 (F1025)
- O2b1a (F837)
- O2b2 (F1055)
- O2b2a (F3021)
- O2b1 (F1150)
- O2a (M324)
- O1 (F265/M1354, CTS2866, F75/M1297, F429/M1415, F465/M1422)
See also[edit]
Genetics[edit]
Y-DNA O subclades[edit]
Y-DNA backbone tree[edit]
| Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Y-chromosomal Adam" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A00 | A0-T [χ 3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A0 | A1 [χ 4] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1a | A1b | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1b1 | BT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| B | CT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DE | CF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| D | E | C | F | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| F1 | F2 | F3 | GHIJK | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| G | HIJK | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IJK | H | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IJ | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| I | J | LT [χ 5] | K2 [χ 6] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L | T | K2a [χ 7] | K2b [χ 8] | K2c | K2d | K2e [χ 9] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| K-M2313 [χ 10] | K2b1 [χ 11] | P [χ 12] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NO | S [χ 13] | M [χ 14] | P1 | P2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| N | O | Q | R | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.04 at 16 May 2017
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Karmin, Monika; Saag, Lauri; Vicente, Mário; et al. (2015). "", "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25: 459–466. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518. PMID 25770088.
- ^ a b Poznik, G. David; Xue, Yali; Mendez, Fernando L.; et al. (June 2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036.
- ^ ISOGG 2017
- ^ a b E. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 - 95.
- ^ Dulik, MC; Osipova, LP; Schurr, TG (2011). "Y-Chromosome Variation in Altaian Kazakhs Reveals a Common Paternal Gene Pool for Kazakhs and the Influence of Mongolian Expansions". PLoS ONE. 6 (3): e17548. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017548. PMC 3055870. PMID 21412412.
- ^ Lu Yan (2011), "Genetic Mixture of Populations in Western China." Shanghai: Fudan University, 2011: 1-84. (Doctoral dissertation in Chinese: 陆艳, "中国西部人群的遗传混合", 上海：复旦大学，2011: 1-84.)
- ^ a b c Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Zheng, Hong-Xiang; Wang, Wei; Qin, Zhen-Dong; Wei, Lan-Hai; Wang, Yi; Pan, Xue-Dong; Fu, Wen-Qing; He, Yun-Gang; Xiong, Li-Jun; Jin, Wen-Fei; Li, Shi-Lin; An, Yu; Li, Hui; Jin, Li (2013). "Y Chromosomes of 40% Chinese Are Descendants of Three Neolithic Super-grandfathers". PLoS ONE. 9 (8): e105691. arXiv:1310.3897. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j5691Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105691. PMC 4149484. PMID 25170956.
- ^ Msaidie, Said; et al. (2011). "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.128. PMC 3039498. PMID 20700146. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ^ Hurles, Matthew E.; Sykes, Bryan C.; Jobling, Mark A.; Forster, Peter (2005). "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages". American Journal of Human Genetics. 76: 894–901. doi:10.1086/430051. PMC 1199379. PMID 15793703.
- ^ Tofanelli, Sergio; Bertoncini, Stefania; Castrì, Loredana; et al. (September 2009). "On the Origins and Admixture of Malagasy: New Evidence from High-Resolution Analyses of Paternal and Maternal Lineages". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (9): 2109–2124. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp120. PMID 19535740.
- ^ Cox, Murray P.; Mirazón Lahr, Marta (2006). "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands". American Journal of Human Biology. 18 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20459. PMID 16378340.
- ^ Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Denisova, Galina; Khoyt, Sanj; Woźniak, Marcin; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Zakharov, Ilya (2013). "Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels". Journal of Human Genetics. 58 (12): 804–811. doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.108. PMID 24132124.
- ^ Kharkov, V. N.; Khamina, K. V.; Medvedeva, O. F.; Simonova, K. V.; Eremina, E. R.; Stepanov, V. A. (2014). "Gene Pool of Buryats: Clinal Variability and Territorial Subdivision Based on Data of Y-Chromosome Markers". Russian Journal of Genetics. 50 (2): 180–190. doi:10.1134/s1022795413110082.; Published in Kharkov, V. N.; Khamina, K. V.; Medvedeva, O. F.; Simonova, K. V.; Eremina, E. R.; Stepanov, V. A. (2014). "Gene pool of Buryats: Clinal variability and territorial subdivision based on data of Y-chromosome markers". Russian Journal of Genetics. 50: 180–190. doi:10.1134/S1022795413110082.
- ^ Di Cristofaro, J; Pennarun, E; Mazieres, S; Myres, NM; Lin, AA; et al. (2013). "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge". PLoS ONE. 8 (10): e76748. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748. PMC 3799995. PMID 24204668.
- ^ Gregory R Magoon; et al. (2013-11-22). "Generation of high-resolution a priori Y-chromosome phylogenies using "next-generation" sequencing data". bioRxiv 000802.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Y-DNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA
- ^ a b c O Y-Haplogroup Project at Family Tree DNA
- ^ Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Li, Hui; Li, Shi-Lin; Jin, Li; Schurr, Theodore G; Santos, Fabricio R; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Comas, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; John Mitchell, R; Jin, Li; Soodyall, Himla; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Cooper, Alan; Matisoo-Smith, Lisa; Royyuru, Ajay K; Platt, Daniel E; Parida, Laxmi; Blue-Smith, Jason; Soria Hernanz, David F; Spencer Wells, R (2011). "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (9): 1013. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMC 3179364. PMID 21505448.
- ^ a b c Peter de Barros Damgaard, Nina Marchi, Simon Rasmussen, et al. (2018), "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes." Nature, volume 557, pages 369–374 (2018).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Zhang, X; Kampuansai, J; Qi, X; Yan, S; Yang, Z; et al. (2014). "An Updated Phylogeny of the Human Y-Chromosome Lineage O2a-M95 with Novel SNPs". PLoS ONE. 9 (6): e101020. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101020.
- ^ a b Lippold, Sebastian; Xu, Hongyang; Ko, Albert; Li, Mingkun; Renaud, Gabriel; Butthof, Anne; Schröder, Roland; Stoneking, Mark. "Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences". Investigative Genetics. 2014 (5): 13.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, et al., "Contrasting Paternal and Maternal Genetic Histories of Thai and Lao Populations." Mol. Biol. Evol. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz083 Advance Access publication April 12, 2019.
- ^ Zi-Yang Xia, Shi Yan, Chuan-Chao Wang, et al. (2019), "Inland-coastal bifurcation of southern East Asians revealed by Hmong-Mien genomic history." doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/730903
- ^ a b Cai, X; Qin, Z; Wen, B; Xu, S; Wang, Y; et al. (2011). "Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes". PLoS ONE. 6 (8): e24282. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624282C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282. PMC 3164178. PMID 21904623.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Yao, Xiaotian; Tang, Senwei; Bian, Beilei; Wu, Xiaoli; Chen, Gang; Wang, Chuan-Chao (2017). "Improved phylogenetic resolution for Y-chromosome Haplogroup O2a1c-002611". Scientific Reports. 7: 1146. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01340-z.
- ^ Li, Hui; Huang, Ying; Mustavich, Laura F.; Zhang, Fan; Tan, Jing-Ze; Ling-; Wang, E; Qian, Ji; Gao, Meng-He; Jin, Li (2007). "Y chromosomes of prehistoric people along the Yangtze River". Human Genetics. 122 (3–4): 383–388. doi:10.1007/s00439-007-0407-2. PMID 17657509.
- ^ Sae Naitoh, Iku Kasahara-Nonaka, Kiyoshi Minaguchi, and Phrabhakaran Nambiar, "Assignment of Y-chromosomal SNPs found in Japanese population to Y-chromosomal haplogroup tree." Journal of Human Genetics (2013) 58, 195–201; doi:10.1038/jhg.2012.159
- ^ a b c d Mondal, M; Casals, F; Xu, T; et al. (Sep 2016). "Genomic analysis of Andamanese provides insights into ancient human migration into Asia and adaptation". Nat Genet. 48 (9): 1066–70. doi:10.1038/ng.3621. PMID 27455350.
- ^ "Y-DNA Haplogroup D-M174 and its Subclades - 2017".
Works cited[edit]
- Journal articles
- Edmondson, Jerold A. (2007). Jimmy G. Harris, Somsonge Burusphat and James E. Harris (ed.). "The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam" (PDF). Studies in Southeast Asian languages and linguistics. Bangkok, Thailand: Ek Phim Thai Co. Ltd.
- van Driem, George (2011). "Rice and the Austroasiatic and Hmong-Mien Homelands" (PDF). In N. J. Enfield, ed. Dynamics of Human Diversity, 361-390. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2006). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC 2588664. PMID 17047675.
- Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A (2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 154. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMC 2720951. PMID 19573232.
- Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
- Kayser, M.; Choi, Y.; Van Oven, M.; Mona, S.; Brauer, S.; Trent, R. J.; Suarkia, D.; Schiefenhovel, W.; Stoneking, M. (2008). "The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (7): 1362–74. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078. PMID 18390477.
- Kim, SH; Kim, Ki-Cheol; Shin, Dong-Jik; Jin, Han-Jun; Kwak, Kyoung-Don; Han, Myun-Soo; Song, Joon-Myong; Kim, Won; Kim, Wook (2011). "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea". Investigative Genetics. 2 (10): 10. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. PMC 3087676. PMID 21463511.
- Ratliff, Martha (1998). "Ho Ne (She) is Hmongic: One final argument" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 21 (2): 97–109.
- Rootsi, Siiri; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Baldovič, Marian; Kayser, Manfred; Kutuev, Ildus A; Khusainova, Rita; Bermisheva, Marina A; Gubina, Marina; et al. (2006). "A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (2): 204–11. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748. PMID 17149388.
- Scheinfeldt, L.; Friedlaender, F; Friedlaender, J; Latham, K; Koki, G; Karafet, T; Hammer, M; Lorenz, J (2006). "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (8): 1628–41. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028. PMID 16754639.
- Shi, Hong; Dong, Yong-li; Wen, Bo; Xiao, Chun-Jie; Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Pei-Dong; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Jin, Li; Su, Bing (2005). "Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian–Specific Haplogroup O3-M122". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 77 (3): 408–19. doi:10.1086/444436. PMC 1226206. PMID 16080116.
- Su, B.; Jin, Li; Underhill, Peter; Martinson, Jeremy; Saha, Nilmani; McGarvey, Stephen T.; Shriver, Mark D.; Chu, Jiayou; et al. (2000). "Polynesian origins: Insights from the Y chromosome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (15): 8225–8228. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.8225S. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.15.8225. PMC 26928. PMID 10899994.
- Wells, R. Spencer; Yuldasheva, N.; Ruzibakiev, R.; Underhill, P. A.; Evseeva, I.; Blue-Smith, J.; Jin, L.; Su, B.; et al. (August 2001). "The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (18): 10244–9. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236.
- Wen, W; Hong, S; Ling, R; Huifeng, X; Kaiyuan, L; Wenyi, Z; Bing, S; Shiheng, S; et al. (2004). "The origin of Mosuo people as revealed by mtDNA and Y chromosome variation". Science China Life Sciences. 47 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1360/02yc0207. PMID 15382670.
- Xue, Y.; Zerjal, T; Bao, W; Zhu, S; Shu, Q; Xu, J; Du, R; Fu, S; et al. (2005). "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times". Genetics. 172 (4): 2431–9. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMC 1456369. PMID 16489223.
- Websites
- Bradshaw Foundation. "Journey of Man - The Peopling of the World".
- ISOGG (2012). "Y-DNA Haplogroup O and its Subclades - 2012".
- TMC (1998). "Genetic Findings Support 'Out of Africa' Theory". Archived from the original on 2009-10-10.
External links[edit]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup O of Y-DNA. |
